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| Tumor-inducing plasmid |
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See Ti plasmid.
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| U.S. Department of Agricu |
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The U.S. agency responsible for regulation of biotechnology products in plants and animals. The major laws under which the agency has regulatory powers include the Federal Plant Pest Act (PPA), the Federal Seed Act, and the Plant Variety Act (PVA). In addition, the Science and Education (S&E) division has nonregulatory oversight of research activities that the agency funds.
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| Upstream |
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The region extending in a 5' direction from a gene.
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| USDA |
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See The U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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| Vaccine |
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A preparation of dead or weakened pathogen, or of derived antigenic determinants, that is used to induce formation of antibodies or immunity against the pathogen. (See Polyvalent vaccine, Subunit vaccine.)
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| Vaccinia |
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The cowpox virus used to vaccinate against smallpox and, experimentally, as a carrier of genes for antigenic determinants cloned from other disease organisms.
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| Variable surface glycopro |
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One of a battery of antigenic determinants expressed by a microorganism to elude immune detection.
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| Variation |
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Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population.
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| Vector |
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An autonomously replicating DNA molecule into which foreign DNA fragments are inserted and then propagated in a host cell. Also living carriers of genetic material (such as pollen) from plant to plant, such as insects.
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| Viral oncogene |
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A viral gene that contributes to malig- nancies in vertebrate hosts. (See Oncogene.)
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| Viroid |
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A plant pathogen that consists of a naked RNA molecule of approximately 250-350 nucleotides, whose extensive base pairing results in a nearly correct double helix. (See Satellite RNA.)
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| Virulence |
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The degree of ability of an organism to cause disease.
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| Virus |
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An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host organism for replication. A double-stranded DNA copy of an RNA virus genome that is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic infection. (See Coat protein, DNA, Genome, Host, Nucleic acid, RNA, Tumor virus.)
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| VSG |
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See Variable surface glycoprotein.
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| Weed |
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An undesirable plant.
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| Weediness |
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Unwanted effects of a plant.
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| Wild type |
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An organism as found in nature; the organism before it is genetically engineered.
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| X-linked disease |
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A genetic disease caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. In X-linked recessive conditions, a normal female "carrier" passes on the mutated X chromosome to an affected son.
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| X-ray crystallography |
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The diffraction pattern of X-rays passing through a pure crystal of a substance.
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| Z-DNA |
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A region of DNA that is "flipped" into a lefthanded helix, characterized by alternating purines and pyrimidines, and which may be the target of a DNA-binding protein
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