See Coat protein.

A substance that induces cancer.

A malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and outer cell layers of internal organs.

A substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction. (See Catalytic antibody, Catalytic RNA.)

An antibody selected for its ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by binding to and stabilizing the transition state intermediate.

A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate.

A positively charged ion.

DNA synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase.

A library composed of complementary copies of cellular mRNAs. (See Library.)

A normal gene that when mutated or improperly expressed contributes to the development of cancer. (See Oncogene.)

Usually the location in the world where the oldest cultivation of a particular crop has been identified.

Francis Crick's seminal concept that in nature genetic information generally flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation. (See Density gradient centrifugation.)

The central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division.

A treatment for cancers that involves ad- ministering chemicals toxic to malignant cells.

An antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis.

Each of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis.

A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strant of DNA, condensed into a compact structure in vivo by complexing with accessory histones or histone-like proteins. Chromosomes exist in pairs in higher eukaryotes. (See Chromosome walking.)

Working from a flanking DNA marker, overlapping clones are successively identified that span a chromosomal region of interest. (See Chromosome.)

A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide; a gene. See DNA, Gene.

An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism. See Cloning.

The mitotic division of a progenitor cell to give rise to a population of identical daughter cells or clones. (See Directional cloning, Megabase cloning, Molecular cloning, Subcloning.)

The coating of a protein that enclosed the nucleic acid core of a virus.

A group of three nucleotides that specifies addition of one of the 20 amino acids during translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide. Strings of codons form genes and strings of genes form chromosomes. (See Initiation codon, Termination codon.)

An organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for its catalytic activity.

See Coenzyme.

A group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell.

The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one and doesn't affect the other(s). See Parasitism, Symbiosis.

An ephemeral state, induced by treatment with cold cations, during which bacterial cells are capable of uptaking foreign DNA.

The matching strand of a DNA or RNA molecule to which its bases pair. (See DNA, RNA.)

Members of the pairs adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and guaninecytosine that have the ability to hydrogen bond to one another. (See nucleotide.)

A DNA segment composed of repeated sequences linked end to end.

The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another.

An unregulated promoter that allows for continual transcription of its associated gene. (See Promoter.)

The alignment of sequence data from large, adjacent regions of the genome to produce a continuous nucleotide sequence across a chromosomal region. (See Mapping.)

See cDNA.

The hydrogen bonding of a single- stranded DNA sequence that is partially but not entirely complementary to a singlestranded substrate. Often, this involves hybridizing a DNA probe for a specific DNA sequence to the homologous sequences of different species.

The exchange of DNA sequences between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Fertilization of a plant from a plant with a different genetic makeup.

A particular kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium.

A second messenger that regulates many intracellular reactions by transducing signals from extracellular growth factors to cellular metabolic pathways.

Study that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon.